A Level Sociology OCR Practice Exam

How does Castells describe the method of organizing political movements in the digital era?

1. Hierarchical organizations

2. Centralized organizations

3. Horizontal digital networks

4. Traditional political parties

The correct answer is: Horizontal digital networks

Castells describes the method of organizing political movements in the digital era as horizontal digital networks. This concept emphasizes the decentralized and non-hierarchical nature of organizing these movements, which leverages digital communication tools and social media. In this framework, participants can connect and collaborate freely without the constraints often associated with traditional, top-down structures of organizing. This approach allows for greater inclusivity and spontaneity, enabling individuals to engage in activism and share information rapidly. The rise of horizontal digital networks contrasts sharply with hierarchical organizations, centralized organizations, and traditional political parties, which typically rely on established chains of command and pre-defined roles. Instead, the digital era fosters a more egalitarian method of organization, facilitating collective action and mobilizing diverse groups in a more dynamic way. This shift exemplifies the transformative influence of technology on political engagement and social movements in contemporary society.