A Level Sociology OCR Practice Exam

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What phenomenon is characterized by women being employed primarily in caring and leisure roles?

Vertical segregation
Horizontal segregation
Occupational segregation
Gender discrimination

The correct answer is: Horizontal segregation

The phenomenon characterized by women being employed primarily in caring and leisure roles is best described as horizontal segregation. This term refers to the distribution of women and men across different occupations, where certain types of jobs are dominated by one gender. In this case, roles such as caregiving, nursing, and positions within leisure and hospitality are often predominantly filled by women, reflecting societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles. Horizontal segregation is significant because it highlights how the labor market is divided not just by the status or hierarchy of jobs (which would relate more to vertical segregation), but rather by the type of work and the industries in which men and women are engaged. This phenomenon can limit opportunities for individuals based on gender and perpetuate stereotypes about what roles are 'appropriate' for women versus men. Occupational segregation, while related, broadly encompasses both vertical and horizontal dimensions, and gender discrimination refers to the unfair treatment based on gender rather than the distribution of jobs themselves. Understanding horizontal segregation is crucial when examining gender dynamics within the workforce and the implications for equality and job opportunities.