A Level Sociology OCR Practice Exam

Which of the following characterizes the subculture of the racing group studied by Lumsden?

1. Hegemonic masculinity and traditional working-class masculinity

2. Inclusive community and gender equality

3. Cultural diversity and modern masculinity

4. Feminine representation and empowerment

The correct answer is: Hegemonic masculinity and traditional working-class masculinity

The choice identifying hegemonic masculinity and traditional working-class masculinity accurately reflects the characteristics of the racing subculture studied by Lumsden. This subculture often emphasizes traits traditionally associated with masculinity, such as toughness, competitiveness, and dominance, which are central to hegemonic masculinity. Moreover, traditional working-class masculinity usually involves elements of pride in labor, physicality, and a sense of camaraderie among male members, all of which are prevalent in the racing group that Lumsden examined. The other options, such as inclusive community and gender equality, do not align with the findings that showcase a predominantly male-centered environment that often marginalizes alternative gender identities and roles. Similarly, cultural diversity and modern masculinity do not adequately encapsulate the specific dynamics and values that characterize the group in Lumsden's study, which tended to reinforce traditional norms. Lastly, while some members may advocate for empowerment, the subculture largely maintains an emphasis on masculine traits rather than celebrating feminine representation or gender equality.