A Level Sociology OCR Practice Exam

Which type of power is related to open and observable decision-making?

1. First face power

2. Second face power

3. Third face power

4. Institutional power

The correct answer is: First face power

The concept of first face power, often associated with the political theorist Steven Lukes, refers to the type of power that is explicitly visible and operates through open and observable decision-making processes. This form of power is evident in contexts where actors can see clear outcomes of decision-making, such as in legislative bodies, meetings, or public forums where decisions are made openly and with visible effects. In contrast, other forms of power may not be as overt. For example, second face power refers to the ability to set the agenda and control what issues are even discussed, often bypassing open deliberation altogether. Third face power further delves into the ways in which processes and social norms can shape people's preferences and perceptions, often without them realizing it. Institutional power tends to relate to the power held by formal organizations and structures, which may also involve more covert influences rather than open decision-making. This distinction helps illustrate why first face power is characterized by transparency and visibility, making it the appropriate choice in the context of observable decision-making.